The precarious nature of SoO agreements is under scrutiny in Manipur. Incidents involving groups like the KNA, despite being signatories to the agreement, raise questions about their commitment to peace. The state’s withdrawal from certain SoOs, later countered by the central government, adds to the confusion and underscores the need for a clearer, more unified approach.
By Navin Upadhyay
Manipur, a state grappling with a complex ethnic mosaic and a history of insurgent movements, is set to test the resolve of the Centre and security forces in the aftermath of the imposition of the President’s rule,
While some militant groups have entered into Suspension of Operation (SoO) agreements with the government, the reality on the ground remains far from peaceful. Many of these groups, along with banned insurgent outfits, continue to wield arms, engaging in activities ranging from extortion and smuggling to acting as self-proclaimed “protectors” of their communities.
This persistent presence of armed groups poses a major security challenge for Manipur police and security forces, prompting renewed efforts to combat these activities, particularly following the imposition of President’s Rule.
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The precarious nature of the SoO agreements is highlighted by recent events. The case of the Kuki National Army (KNA), which operates along the Manipur-Myanmar border, exemplifies this complexity. The KNA, a signatory to the SoO agreement established in 2008, remains as heavily armed and active as ever, raising serious concerns about the efficacy of such pacts. In March 2023, the Manipur government withdrew from the SoO with the KNA and the Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), alleging their involvement in inciting unrest among illegal forest encroachers. However, this withdrawal was not supported by the central government, creating ambiguity about the current status of the agreement.
KNA cadres nabbed:
A recent operation in Churachandpur district underscores the ongoing challenges. Acting on intelligence inputs from across the Myanmar border, security forces on February 15 conducted an operation in Old Khaukual village, resulting in the arrest of seven suspected KNA cadres. The recovery of a substantial cache of sophisticated weapons, including AK-47 rifles, assault rifles, and a large quantity of ammunition, clearly demonstrates that these groups have not disarmed and continue to acquire weaponry.
On 14.02.2025, Security Forces conducted area domination and patrolling in general area south of village Old Khaukual under Sangaikot-PS, Churachandpur District. During the operation, the following persons were arrested along with arms, ammunitions and other items. The arrestees… pic.twitter.com/FuwkaAtnG7
— Manipur Police (@manipur_police) February 15, 2025
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The arrested individuals were identified as key members of the KNA, further highlighting the group’s continued activities despite the SoO agreement. This incident reveals the KNA’s persistent efforts to recruit, train, and equip its members, even while ostensibly adhering to a ceasefire.
The situation is further complicated by the involvement of these groups in illicit activities. While some argue that these militias act as protectors of their communities, their involvement in extortion, drug smuggling, and poppy cultivation is well-documented. These activities not only fuel the insurgency but also destabilize the region and contribute to a climate of lawlessness.
The security challenges in Manipur are not limited to hill-based militant groups. Valley-based insurgent outfits also remain heavily armed and active. These groups have often exploited vulnerabilities, such as the looting of weapons from police armories, and have allegedly benefited from state patronage in the past. Their activities, including highway extortion, kidnapping, and arms smuggling, pose a serious threat to the state’s peace and security.
KCP (PWG)Â militants arrested:
In response to these challenges, Manipur police have intensified their operations against banned militant outfits. Recent operations have led to the arrest of active members of the proscribed KCP (PWG) group in Imphal East district. These individuals were involved in extortion and the transportation of arms and ammunition.
The seizure of weapons, ammunition, and incriminating documents during these operations indicates the continued efforts of security forces to disrupt the activities of these groups. The arrest of KCP (PWG) members involved in extortion from the general public, government officials, and businesses highlights the pervasive nature of these illegal activities.
On 15.02.2025, Manipur Police arrested 04 (four) active members of the proscribed outfit KCP (PWG group) from Huikap Village near Oil Pump, Andro-PS, Imphal East District. These 04 persons including the two ladies are involved in extortion of money and in transportation of arms… pic.twitter.com/VAHDtAP8xj
— Manipur Police (@manipur_police) February 15, 2025
The situation in Manipur demands a multi-pronged approach. While security operations are crucial, addressing the underlying socio-economic and political grievances that fuel the insurgency is equally important. A comprehensive strategy that includes dialogue with various stakeholders, development initiatives, and efforts to promote inter-community harmony is essential for achieving lasting peace and stability in the state.
The ambiguous status of SoO agreements, the continued arming and illegal activities of militant groups, and the complex interplay of various insurgent factions present a formidable challenge. Only a sustained and comprehensive approach can address the root causes of the conflict and pave the way for a more peaceful future for Manipur.
Groups that have signed Suspension of Operation (SoO) agreements with the Centre (as of late 2024):
- Kuki National Organisation (KNO) – This umbrella group represents multiple Kuki militant factions.
- United People’s Front (UPF) – Another coalition of Kuki militant groups.
- NSCN-IM, NSCN-K, NSCN (Khole-Kitovi) – These are factions of the National Socialist Council of Nagaland, though their focus is primarily on Nagaland, they have influence in Manipur as well.
Important Note: It’s crucial to remember that even groups with SoO agreements can have factions or members who don’t adhere to the terms, as seen in the case of the KNA.
Banned Insurgent Outfits (Major Groups):
- United National Liberation Front (UNLF) – One of the oldest and most prominent insurgent groups in Manipur, seeking independence.
- People’s Liberation Army (PLA) – A powerful Maoist insurgent group.
- Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) – Another significant insurgent group with various factions.
- People’s Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) – A major insurgent group with a strong presence.
